History of the Ponderosa Pine The ponderosa pine is Montana’s state tree and an important natural resource for the state. Not only is the ponderosa important to the lumber industry, but it offers nutritional value to wildlife in many forms. Deer eat the needles, squirrels and many bird species, including quail eat the seeds. The crossbill has a bill that is specially adapted for reaching into the tree’s cones and the Clark's Nutcracker has adapted an entire life style around the pine tree. It even has a special pouch under its tongue that allows the bird to carry seeds for long distances. The Clark's Nutcracker is capable of hiding thousands of seeds in various caches and has an amazing memory for locating them later on. This adaptation allows the Nutcracker to breed in January or February because the young can feed off of winter stores. The Clark's Nutcracker actually feeds off of a variety of different pine trees, but at our elevation here on Blue Mountain, the availability of seeds comes almost exclusively from the ponderosa pine. As a food source, another important part of the ponderosa is its inner bark which is eaten by porcupines and was also a staple for several Indian tribes at one time. The sweet, inner bark offered nourishment after a long winter and was usually peeled on cloudy, cool days when the sap ran well. The women were the ones to remove the bark of the ponderosa. For removal of the outer bark, a chisel-type implement, often made of juniper, was used. A different tool was used to separate the sweet, edible, inner bark from the outside layer. It is known that in prehistoric times, the Kootenai used a special scraper made from mountain sheep horn. By the 1890's the Kootenai began creating more efficient spade-like scrapers out of K.C. Baking Powder cans. Peeled-cambium tree scars can still be seen in the Bitterroot Valley and surrounding mountains and are actually protected under the National Historic Preservation Act (Bitterroot National Forest). "Culturally scarred" or peeled trees are distinguishable from trees scarred by forest fire in several ways. Peeled scars are usually found on large, centuries old ponderosa. A scar usually starts about 3 feet from the base of the tree and is usually large- sometimes up to 8 feet long and 2 feet wide. Indian Trees Campground, near Lost Trail Pass, offers people a chance to walk among some of these ancient scarred trees. The interpretive signs at the site are very well done. The Journals of Lewis and Clark have several references to peeled trees... "...saw where the natives had pealed the bark off the pine trees... to obtain the sap and soft part of the wood and bark for food." July 19, 1805 (Missouri River- near present day Helena) "I made camp at 8 on this roade & particularly on this Creek the Indians have pealed a number of Pine for the under bark which they eate at certain Season of the year." September 12, 1805 (Lolo Creek- just a few miles from our bed and breakfast) Besides using the ponderosa's inner bark, other parts of the tree were important to many tribes as well. For example, the pitch was chewed as gum by the Cheyenne and also used to basically plaster their hair in place. The Salish mixed pine pitch with melted tallow and applied it as a poultice. The Nez Perce used pitch to keep torches lit and as a glue and waterproofing agent. It was also the Nez Perce who showed Lewis and Clark how to make dugout canoes from ponderosa logs. Several American Indian groups ground the pine seeds into a meal for making bread and used the tree’s buds to make a medicinal tea for internal bleeding, fevers and other ailments. It is interesting to note that when the Lewis and Clark expedition came through this area, William Clark stated that the (ponderosa) "forms the principle timber of the neighborhoud." It is also interesting to note not only Clark’s spelling of the word neighborhood, but the fact that expedition members referred to this type of pine tree as "the long-leafed pine." The tree actually goes by nine different nicknames that I know of, but was given its scientific name, Pinus Ponderosa, by Scottish botanist David Douglas (near Spokane, Washington). There is still a large ponderosa at Travelers' Rest State Park which is old enough to have "witnessed" the expedition's encampment there on Lolo Creek some 200 years ago. Some of the oldest ponderosa pines have in fact lived up to 700 years and have grown over 200 feet tall, a ponderous species indeed! A variety of factors allow the ponderosa to be long-lived. Adult trees are very fire resistant, at least to fairly low-intensity fires. The fact that the lower trunk area is usually devoid of branches and the cambium layer is insulated by thick bark give it special resistance. In addition, a long taproot allows the ponderosa to access moisture on dry hillsides, also making the tree less prone to wind fall. The bark of older ponderosa pines often looks quite different than the bark of much younger trees. It is this fact that has helped the tree earn so many different names. Loggers have used the name "blackjack" for younger trees, which usually exhibit a dark gray bark. The yellow or reddish-orange bark of a tree that is 125 to 150 years old is composed of many thin jigsaw-puzzle pieces. Nicknamed "yellowbellies" or "pumpkins," on hot days the bark of these mature trees has a smell much like that of vanilla. Even the inner wood of a dead ponderosa often turns a different color. When left standing, bluish patterns become apparent within the wood, something greatly prized by craftsmen. Look closely when you stay in the Ponderosa Room. The blued pine used in this room was harvested just behind the hill from trees affected by the presence of bark beetles. There is nothing more magnificent than a ponderosa pine which has stood, possibly for centuries, in the same place over time. A beautifully gnarled old ponderosa such as this stands sentinel over the bed and breakfast and water fall. Its grandeur, reflected in the pond below, gives the illusion that the mountain it stands on, the sky it touches and time itself must go on forever- while somehow standing perfectly still. It is the gift of a life time to witness, even for a moment, such perfection and eternal balance. Resources: -Cornell Lab of Ornithology. -Lone Pine Field Guide to Plants of the Rocky Mountains: Linda Kershaw, Andy MakKinnon, Jim Pojar. Canada: Lone Pine Publishing, 1998. -Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples: Jeff Hart. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1996. -Peterson Field Guide of Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs: Steven Foster, Christopher Hobbs. New York: Houghton Miffli Company, 2002. -Scarred Trees In Western Montana: Thain White. Bozeman: Montana State University Papers, No. 17 1954. -Trees Of the Lolo National Forest: Forest Service Brochure.